Classroom Art Posters High School Fine Art Authors Literary

Fine art developed primarily for aesthetics

In European academic traditions, art is developed primarily for aesthetics or artistic expression, distinguishing it from decorative fine art or applied fine art, which also has to serve some practical function, such as pottery or most metalwork. In the aesthetic theories adult in the Italian Renaissance, the highest art was that which immune the total expression and display of the artist'due south imagination, unrestricted past whatsoever of the practical considerations involved in, say, making and decorating a teapot. It was also considered of import that making the artwork did not involve dividing the piece of work between different individuals with specialized skills, as might be necessary with a article of furniture, for example.^[ane] Even within the fine arts, at that place was a hierarchy of genres based on the amount of creative imagination required, with history painting placed college than still life.

Historically, the five main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and poetry, with performing arts including theatre and trip the light fantastic toe.^[ii] In practice, exterior educational activity, the concept is typically only applied to the visual arts. The old master print and cartoon were included as related forms to painting, just as prose forms of literature were to poetry. Today, the range of what would be considered fine arts (in then far as the term remains in use) commonly includes additional modernistic forms, such as pic, photography, video production/editing, design, and conceptual art.^{[ original research? ]} ^{[ opinion ]}

Ane definition of fine art is "a visual art considered to take been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, cartoon, watercolor, graphics, and architecture."^[three] In that sense, there are conceptual differences betwixt the fine arts and the decorative arts or applied arts (these two terms covering largely the same media). As far as the consumer of the art was concerned, the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment ordinarily referred to as having good taste, which differentiated fine art from popular art and amusement.^[4]

The word "fine" does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the subject according to traditional Western European canons.^[six] Except in the case of architecture, where a practical utility was accepted, this definition originally excluded the "useful" applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded equally crafts. In contemporary do, these distinctions and restrictions have become substantially meaningless, as the concept or intention of the artist is given primacy, regardless of the ways through which this is expressed.^[vii]

The term is typically only used for Western art from the Renaissance onwards, although similar genre distinctions can apply to the art of other cultures, peculiarly those of Eastern asia. The set of "fine arts" are sometimes besides chosen the "major arts", with "minor arts" equating to the decorative arts. This would typically be for medieval and ancient fine art.

Origins, history and development [edit]

According to some writers, the concept of a distinct category of fine art is an invention of the early modern period in the Westward. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art: A Cultural History (2003) locates the invention in the 18th century: "There was a traditional "arrangement of the arts" in the Due west earlier the eighteenth century. (Other traditional cultures still have a like system.) In that arrangement, an creative person or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a piece of work of fine art was the useful product of skilled work, and the appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their office in the residue of life. "Art", in other words, meant approximately the same thing equally the Greek word "techne", or in English "skill", a sense that has survived in phrases like "the art of war", "the fine art of love", and "the art of medicine."^[8] Similar ideas have been expressed by Paul Oskar Kristeller, Pierre Bourdieu, and Terry Eagleton (e.g. The Ideology of the Aesthetic), though the indicate of invention is often placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance; Anthony Blunt notes that the term arti di disegno, a similar concept, emerged in Italy in the mid-16th century.^[ix]

Just it can be argued that the classical world, from which very picayune theoretical writing on art survives, in practice had similar distinctions. The names of artists preserved in literary sources are Greek painters and sculptors, and to a bottom extent the carvers of engraved gems. Several individuals in these groups were very famous, and copied and remembered for centuries later on their deaths. The cult of the private artistic genius, which was an important part of the Renaissance theoretical basis for the distinction between "fine" and other fine art, drew on classical precedent, particularly as recorded past Pliny the Elder. Another types of object, in detail Ancient Greek pottery, are often signed by their makers or the owner of the workshop, probably partly to advertise their products.

The decline of the concept of "fine art" is dated by George Kubler and others to around 1880. When information technology "fell out of mode" every bit, by almost 1900, folk fine art was as well coming to be regarded as significant.^[ten] Finally, at least in circles interested in art theory, ""fine art" was driven out of utilize past about 1920 by the exponents of industrial design ... who opposed a double standard of judgment for works of art and for useful objects".^[11] This was amidst theoreticians; information technology has taken far longer for the fine art trade and popular opinion to take hold of upwards. However, over the same period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of prices in the art market was in the opposite management, with works from the fine arts drawing much farther alee of those from the decorative arts. As art in the 21st century fine arts by artist such as Timothy Gilbert with his abilities of expression of freedoms and times in cultures capturing insite to canvous.

In the art trade the term retains some currency for objects from earlier roughly 1900 and may be used to ascertain the scope of auctions or auction house departments and the like. The term also remains in employ in tertiary education, appearing in the names of colleges, faculties, and courses. In the English-speaking globe this is by and large in North America, but the aforementioned is truthful of the equivalent terms in other European languages, such as beaux-arts in French or bellas artes in Spanish.

Cultural perspectives [edit]

The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have ofttimes dominated in Europe and the U.s.a. is non shared past all other cultures. But traditional Chinese art had comparable distinctions, distinguishing within Chinese painting betwixt the by and large landscape literati painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting and sculpture. Although high condition was also given to many things that would be seen as arts and crafts objects in the West, in detail ceramics, jade etching, weaving, and embroidery, this by no means extended to the workers who created these objects, who typically remained even more bearding than in the Westward. Like distinctions were made in Japanese and Korean fine art. In Islamic fine art, the highest status was generally given to calligraphy, architects and the painters of Persian miniatures and related traditions, but these were all the same very often courtroom employees. Typically they also supplied designs for the best Persian carpets, architectural tiling and other decorative media, more consistently than happened in the West.

Latin American art was dominated past European colonialism until the 20th-century, when indigenous art began to reassert itself inspired by the Constructivist Move, which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles. In Africa, Yoruba art often has a political and spiritual function. As with the art of the Chinese, the art of the Yoruba is also often equanimous of what would usually be considered in the West to be craft production. Some of its most admired manifestations, such every bit textiles, fall in this category.

Visual arts [edit]

2-dimensional works [edit]

Painting and drawing [edit]

Painting as a fine art ways applying paint to a apartment surface (as opposed for example to painting a sculpture, or a piece of pottery), typically using several colours. Prehistoric painting that has survived was applied to natural stone surfaces, and wall painting, especially on wet plaster in the fresco technique was a major form until recently. Portable paintings on woods panel or canvas take been the nearly important in the Western globe for several centuries, generally in tempera or oil painting. Asian painting has more than frequently used paper, with the monochrome ink and wash painting tradition dominant in East asia. Paintings that are intended to go in a book or album are chosen "miniatures", whether for a Western illuminated manuscript or in Western farsi miniature and its Turkish equivalent, or Indian paintings of diverse types. Watercolour is the western version of painting in newspaper; forms using gouache, chalk, and similar mediums without brushes are really forms of drawing.

Cartoon is one of the major forms of the visual arts, and painters need drawing skills equally well. Common instruments include: graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, or various metals like silverpoint. There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning and creating comics.

Mosaics [edit]

Mosaics are images formed with pocket-size pieces of rock or glass, called tesserae. They can be decorative or functional. An creative person who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Ancient Greeks and Romans created realistic mosaics. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were pop as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders.^[12] Early on Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were busy with wall and ceiling mosaics. The most famous Byzantine basilicas decorated with mosaics are the Basilica of San Vitale from Ravenna (Italy) and Hagia Sophia from Istanbul (Turkey).

Printmaking [edit]

Printmaking covers the making of images on paper that can exist reproduced multiple times past a printing process. It has been an important artistic medium for several centuries, in the West and Eastern asia. Major historic techniques include engraving, woodcut and etching in the West, and woodblock press in E Asia, where the Japanese ukiyo-e way is the almost important. The 19th-century invention of lithography and and so photographic techniques accept partly replaced the celebrated techniques. Older prints can be divided into the fine fine art Old Master print and popular prints, with book illustrations and other practical images such every bit maps somewhere in the middle.

Except in the instance of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each impress is considered an original, equally opposed to a re-create. The reasoning behind this is that the print is non a reproduction of another work of art in a unlike medium – for case, a painting – but rather an image designed from inception equally a print. An individual impress is also referred to every bit an impression. Prints are created from a unmarried original surface, known technically as a matrix. Mutual types of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; rock, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric in the case of screen-press. Merely in that location are many other kinds. Multiple nearly identical prints can be called an edition. In modern times each impress is often signed and numbered forming a "express edition." Prints may also be published in book class, as artist'south books. A unmarried print could be the production of i or multiple techniques.

Calligraphy [edit]

Calligraphy is a blazon of visual fine art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic exercise is "the fine art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and expert style".^[xiii] Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not compromise the legibility of the letters.^[13] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined still fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.^[xiv] ^[xv] ^[16]

Photography [edit]

Fine fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the creative person. Fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism and commercial photography. Photojournalism visually communicates stories and ideas, mainly in impress and digital media. Fine art photography is created primarily as an expression of the artist's vision, but has too been important in advancing certain causes. Depiction of nudity has been one of the dominating themes in fine-art photography.

Man Ray, Lampshade, reproduced in 391, north. 13, July 1920

Parallel to this evolution, the interface between the media, which were largely divide at that time, in the narrow understanding of the concept of art, between painting and photography became relevant from an fine art-historical signal of view in the early on 1960s and mid-1970s through the work of the photo artists Pierre Cordier (Chimigramme ), Paolo Monti (Chemigram ) and Josef H. Neumann (Chemogram ) airtight within a new fine art form. In 1974, Josef H. Neumann Chemogram closed the separation of the painterly ground and the photographic layer by presenting them, in a symbiosis that was unprecedented up to that indicate in time, as an unmistakable unique item in a simultaneous painterly and real photographic perspective inside a photographic layer in colors and forms united. ^[17]

Chemogram and Chimigram

Iii-dimensional works [edit]

Architecture [edit]

Architecture is frequently considered a fine art, especially if its artful components are spotlighted – in dissimilarity to structural-applied science or construction-management components. Architectural works are perceived every bit cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations frequently are known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings as the pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are of import links in public consciousness, even when scholars have discovered much about by civilizations through other means. Cities, regions, and cultures continue to place themselves with, and are known by, their architectural monuments.^[18]

Pottery [edit]

With some modern exceptions, pottery is not considered as fine fine art, but "fine pottery" remains a valid technical term, specially in archaeology. "Fine wares" are high-quality pottery, oft painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "fibroid wares", which are basic utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes.

Even when, as with porcelain figurines, a piece of pottery has no applied purpose, the making of information technology is typically a collaborative and semi-industrial one, involving many participants with different skills.

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created past shaping hard or plastic fabric, unremarkably stone (either rock or marble), metal, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly past etching; others are assembled, built upward and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Because sculpture involves the utilise of materials that tin be moulded or modulated, it is considered ane of the plastic arts. The majority of public fine art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to equally a sculpture garden.

Sculpture in stone survives far meliorate than works of art in perishable materials, and ofttimes represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery) from ancient cultures; conversely, traditions of sculpture in wood may accept vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.^[nineteen]

Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre
The Bust of Louis Xiv by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles

Conceptual art [edit]

Conceptual art is art in which the concept(southward) or idea(s) involved in the work accept precedence over traditional aesthetic and cloth concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that oft defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text. Nonetheless, through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, its popular usage, particularly in the UK, developed as a synonym for all contemporary art that does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.^[xx]

Performing arts [edit]

Music [edit]

Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is audio organized in fourth dimension. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical audio). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements.

Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such equally songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments.

The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike, "fine art of the Muses").

Dance [edit]

Dance is an art form that generally refers to motion of the torso, ordinarily rhythmic, and to music,^[21] used every bit a class of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. Dance is likewise used to draw methods of nonverbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals (bee dance, patterns of behaviour such every bit a mating dance), motion in inanimate objects ("the leaves danced in the air current"), and sure musical genres. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are trip the light fantastic toe disciplines while the kata of the martial arts are often compared to dances.

Theatre [edit]

Modernistic Western theatre is dominated by realism, including drama and comedy. Another popular Western form is musical theatre. Classical forms of theatre, including Greek and Roman drama, classic English drama (Shakespeare and Marlowe included), and French theater (Molière included), are still performed today. In addition, performances of classic Eastern forms such as Noh and Kabuki can be found in the West, although with less frequency.

Moving-picture show [edit]

Fine arts film is a term that encompasses motion pictures and the field of motion picture equally a art form. A fine arts movie theater is a venue, usually a edifice, for viewing such movies. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or past creating images using animation techniques or special furnishings. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become pop worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that interpret the dialogue.

Cinematography is the subject field of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the picture palace. It is closely related to the art of however photography, though many additional issues arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may be in motion.

Contained filmmaking often takes identify exterior of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Artistic, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the belatedly 20th and early 21st century.

Poetry [edit]

Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term ποίησις (poiesis, "to make") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as sound symbolism, phonaesthetics and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.^[22]

Other [edit]

Avant-garde music is frequently considered both a performing art and a fine fine art.
Electronic media – mayhap the newest medium for fine art, since it utilizes mod technologies such equally computers from production to presentation. Includes, amid others, video, digital photography, digital printmaking and interactive pieces.
Textiles, including quilt fine art and "habiliment" or "pre-vesture" creations, frequently reach the category of fine art objects, sometimes like role of an art display.
Western art (or Classical) music is a performing art frequently considered to be fine art.
Origami – The concluding century has witnessed a renewed interest in agreement the behavior of folding thing with contributions from artists and scientists. Origami is different from other arts: while painting requires the addition of matter, and sculpture involves subtraction, origami does non add or subtract: it transforms. Origami artists are pushing the limits of an art increasingly committed to its fourth dimension, with a bloodline catastrophe in engineering science and spacecraft. Its computational aspect and shareable quality (empowered by social networks) are parts of the puzzle that is making origami a paradigmatic art of the 21st century.^[23] ^[24] ^[25]

Bookish study [edit]

Africa [edit]

Fine Art Schools, Colleges and Universities in Africa
S Africa

Asia [edit]

Kyoto Metropolis University of Arts, Nihon Offers graduate degrees in Painting, Printmaking, Concept and Media Planning, Sculpture, and Design (Visual, Environmental, and Product), Crafts (Ceramics, Dying and Weaving, and Urushi Lacquering); also the Science of Art and Conservation.
Tokyo University of the Arts The art school offers graduate degrees in Painting (Japanese and Oil), Sculpture, Crafts, Design, Architecture, Intermedia Art, Aesthetics and Art History. The music and picture show schools are dissever.
Korean National Academy Music, Drama, Dance, Film, Traditional Arts (Korean Music, Dance and Performing Arts), Design, Architecture, Art Theory, Visual Arts Dept. of Fine Arts (painting, sculpture, photography, 3D light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation holography, Video, interactivity, pottery and drinking glass).
The Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts is a Chinese national university based in Guangzhou which provides Fine Arts and Design Doctoral, Master and available'south degrees.
Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata is a Fine Art college in the Indian metropolis of Kolkata, W Bengal.
Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts is a prestigious fine arts college originally founded in 1937 by a group of young classical musicians in Beirut, in 1988 it was merged with University of Balamand. ALBA is considered a Pioneering Institute in the region with infrequent educational expertise and globe-renowned lecturers and instructors.^[26]

Europe [edit]

South America [edit]

Brazil: The Establish for the Arts in Brazilia has departments for theater, visual arts, industrial design, and music.^[27]

The states [edit]

In the United states an academic course of study in fine art may include the Bachelor of Arts in Fine Art, or a Bachelor of Fine Arts, and/or a Master of Fine Arts caste – traditionally the last degree in the field. Doc of Fine Arts degrees —earned, as opposed to honorary degrees— have begun to emerge at some US academic institutions, however. Major schools of art in the US:

Yale University, New Haven, CT – MFA, BA.^[28]
Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI – MFA, BFA.^[29]
Schoolhouse of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois – MFA in Studio, MFA in Writing.^[xxx]
Academy of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA – MFA^[31]
California Plant of the Arts, Valencia, CA^[32]
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA^[33]
Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, MI^[34]
Maryland Institute College of Fine art, Baltimore, MD^[35]
Fordham University, (B.F.A)^[36]
Columbia University, MFA, articulation JD/MFA degree, PHD.^[37]
Juilliard School, New York, NY is a performing arts conservatory established in 1905. Information technology educates and trains undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. Information technology is widely regarded equally i of the world's leading music schools, with some of the most prestigious arts programs.^[38] ^[39] ^[40]
ArtCenter Higher of Design, Pasadena, CA is a nonprofit, private higher founded in 1930. ArtCenter offers undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide variety of art and design fields, as well every bit public programs for children and high school students. U.Due south. News and World Written report also ranks Art Middle'south Art, Industrial Design and Media Design Practices programs amid the top 20 graduate schools in the U.S.^[41]

Run into also [edit]

The arts
Operation fine art

References [edit]

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^ "Fine art". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved xiii March 2014.
^ "Aesthetic Judgment". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 22 July 2010.
^ Drutt, Matthew; Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich; Gurianova, J. (2003). Malevich, Blackness Square, 1915, Guggenheim New York, exhibition, 2003-2004. ISBN9780892072651 . Retrieved 18 March 2014.
^ CLOWNEY, DAVID (2011). "Definitions of Art and Art's Historical Origins". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 69 (3): 309–320. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2011.01474.10. ISSN 0021-8529. JSTOR 23883666.
^ Maraffi, Topher. "Using New Media for Practice-based Fine Arts Research in the Classroom" (PDF). University of South Carolina Beaufort.
^ Clowney, David. "A Third System of the Arts? An Exploration of Some Ideas from Larry Shiner'southward The Invention of Art: A Cultural History". Contemporary Aesthetics . Retrieved 7 May 2013.
^ Blunt, 55
^ Guerzoni, G. (2011). Apollo and Vulcan: The Art Markets in Italy, 1400–1700. Michigan State Academy Press. p. 27. ISBN978-i-60917-361-half dozen . Retrieved 4 July 2020. Observing these tensions, George Kubler was led to affirm in 1961: "The seventeenth-century academic separation between fine and useful arts first fell out of style nearly a century ago. From almost 1880 the conception of 'fine fine art' was ..."
^ Kubler, George (1962). The Shape of Time : Remarks on the History of Things. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Kubler, pp. xiv–fifteen, google books
^ Capizzi, Padre (1989). Piazza Armerina: The Mosaics and Morgantina. International Specialized Book Service Inc.
^ ^a ^b Mediavilla, C. (1996). Calligraphy. Scirpus Publications.
^ Pott, G. (2006). Kalligrafie: Intensiv Grooming. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
^ Pott, Chiliad. (2005). Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Preparation mit Muster-Alphabeten. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
^ *Zapf, H. (2007). Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of Technical Developments. Rochester: Cary Graphic Arts Printing.
^ Hannes Schmidt: Remarks to the Chemograms from Josef H. Neumann. Exhibition in photography Studio Galerie from Prof. Pan Walther. In: Photo-Presse. Issue 22, 1976, S. 6.
^ The Tower Bridge, the Eiffel Tower and the Colosseum are representative of the buildings used on advertising brochures.
^ "Gods in Colour: Painted Sculpture of Classical Artifact" September 2007 to Jan 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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^ Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. "britannica". britannica. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ "Poetry". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2013.
^ Gould, Vanessa. "Between the Folds, a documentary moving picture".
^ McArthur, Meher (2012). Folding Newspaper: The Space Possibilities of Origami. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-0804843386.
^ McArthur, Meher (2020). New Expressions in Origami Art. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-0804853453.
^ "Alexis Boutros, le fondateur de 50'Alba – Historique – À propos de fifty'Alba – Académie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts (Alba) – Université de Balamand". www.alba.edu.lb. Archived from the original on xx September 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^ "Institute for the Arts, Brazilia". Archived from the original on 22 July 2014.
^ "Yale University Schoolhouse of Art". Fine art.yale.edu. Retrieved xiii March 2014.
^ "Sectionalisation of Fine Arts RISD". Risd.edu. Archived from the original on xiii March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "School of the Art Found of Chicago". Saic.edu. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "UCLA Department of Art". Art.ucla.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "California Establish of the Arts Programs". Calarts.edu. 20 December 2013. Retrieved thirteen March 2014.
^ "Carnegie Mellon Higher of Fine Arts". .cfa.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved thirteen March 2014.
^ "Welcome to Cranbrook University of Fine art". Cranbrookart.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "Maryland Institute College of Art". Mica.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ "B.F.A. Program". The Ailey Schoolhouse.
^ "Columbia Academy Schoolhouse of the Arts". Arts.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved thirteen March 2014.
^ "Still 'best reputation' for Juilliard at 100". The Washington Times . Retrieved fifteen September 2013.
^ Frank Rich (2003). Juilliard . Harry N. Abrams. pp. 10. ISBN0-8109-3536-8. Juilliard grew upward with both the state and its burgeoning cultural capital of New York to become an internationally recognized synonym for the pinnacle of artistic accomplishment.
^ "The Top 25 Drama Schools in the World". The Hollywood Reporter. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
^ "ArtCenter College of Design Overall Rankings – US News Best Colleges". U.Southward. News & Globe Study. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.

Blunt Anthony, Creative Theory in Italian republic, 1450–1600, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), OUP, ISBN 0198810504